ATHLETISME
Cliquer !
2. La course de vitesse
3. Recherche bibliographique sur Internet
4. Recherches Medline
6. Bibliographie
7. Quelques adresses mail.
«Courir sport de base peut-être à la fois simple et difficile. Simple parce que c’est instinctif et naturel, difficile dans sa complexité mécanique. » Dyson
La vitesse dépend de la longueur et de la fréquence des foulées et l’efficacité maximum est atteinte seulement lorsque le rapport est correct, suivant le poids, la force, la morphologie, la souplesse et la coordination du sujet.
On observe deux sources d’énergie dans la course de vitesse :
- d’origine biochimique : dégradation de la molécule d’ATP pour fournir du travail.
- D’origine biomécanique qui concerne la propriétés physiques du muscle notamment l’élasticité musculaire.En ce qui concerne l’élasticité musculaire. Il s’agit d’un conflit entre la contraction excentrique (période de stockage de l’énergie) et la contraction concentrique (période de restitution de cette énergie). L’énergie stockée par un sprinter augmente avec la vitesse grâce à l’intensité de la phase excentrique.
L’utilisation par l’athlète de cette énergie n’est possible que si les conditions de placement sont respectés.
3. Recherche bibliographique sur Internet
Le but essentielle de la recherche bibliographique qui va suivre à pour but d’approfondir mes recherches au plan de la physiologie et de l’entraînement en athlétisme.
Les recherches ont été effectués, essentiellement sur internet via l’université, mais aussi sur Medline, puis à la bibliothèque de l’université de Nice.
Sites traitant de l'athlétisme :
Contactez b.thivent@ac-nancy-metz.fr
http://www.doitsports.com/index.html
Course: Prédiction, inteval training profils de courses ! Super
http://home.connectnet.com/eoinf/
Running
Physiology and Performance
This page is the index site for running specific training, performance, and physiology articles. The articles presented here will often assume you know the basic physiology concepts presented in the Exercise Physiology Section. Please, be patient with me. This site will grow in content. And remember, contributions are welcome!
http://www.krs.hia.no/~stephens/running.htm
Féchain-Athlétique-Club
Présentation d'une école d'Athlétisme (sous section locale FFA du Douai-Sin-Athlétisme) Des définitions, des astuces. Grande maîtrise par les entraîneurs (Brevet d'état, maîtrise STAPS) de nombreux tests. Dossiers pédagogique sur l'athlétisme à l'école élémentaire.
http://home.nordnet.fr/~scharlet
Test aérobiques
http://home.nordnet.fr/~scharlet/page8.html
Test de Ruffier
http://www.alpes-net.fr/~ec041289/lpm.html#entrainement
Entraînement
course
http://www.fitnesslink.com/exercise/run.htm
The National Athlétique Trainers' Association
http://www.nata.org/
Course
Les bases de la course à pied
http://www.alpes-net.fr/~ec041289/basics.html
Le petit marathonien
http://www.alpes-net.fr/~ec041289/
The Biomechanics of The arms During Running
http://dragon.acadiau.ca/~pbaudin/meganppr.html
40 THINGS EVERY WOMAN RUNNER SHOULD KNOW ABOUT RUNNING
http://www.runnersworld.com/womenrun/things40.html
Women running only
http://www.runnersworld.com/womenrun/home.html
Entraînement marathon
This 15-week training program will lead you to your best marathon ever
http://www.runnersworld.com/training/marbenji.html
Tables d'allures
The tables presented here "age-adjust" running times for runners in the 31-70 year old age groups, both male and female. The tables use factors to adjust your time to a comparable performance by a 30-year old (open class) runner.
homme: http://www2.netdoor.com/~runner/men.html
femme: http://www2.netdoor.com/~runner/wom.html
Calculez votre VO2max
http://www.sirius.on.ca/running/vo2.shtml
Course longue
Principes des base
http://www.sdv.fr/pages/marathon/base.htm
Plans d'entraînements
http://www.sdv.fr/pages/marathon/plan.htm
Le site "course à pied" s'adresse aux coureurs de fond et demi-fond, aux entraîneurs, moniteurs et préparateurs sportifs. En plus des rubriques scientifiques et diététique, un programme informatique détermine les caractéristiques physiques et physiologiques du coureur(Vo2max, endurance, % de graisse etc...), et établit un plan d'entraînement personnalisé. Ce site est hébergé à l'Université de Metz (une rubrique est d'ailleurs consacrée à la région lorraine) Vous pouvez y proposer des articles et faire part de vos remarques. crest@sciences.univ-metz.fr
http://www.sciences.univ-metz.fr/course/home/page1.htm
Ce site s'adresse aux coureurs à pied, de fond et demi-fond , aux entraîneurs, et aux clubs d'athlétisme.
http://www.alpes-net.fr/~ec041289/index.html
Les conseils de base pour coureurs débutants, trouverons plutôt leur place sur cet autre site:
http://www.alpes-net.fr/~ec041289/basics.htmlCourse du cœur
This year we ran the Jump Rope for Heart during the school day during their physical education class so that all the students could participate. The last two years, we ran the event after school which eliminated any students who required transportation home. It also eliminated the participation of the other physical educator because of coaching responsibilities.
http://www.rh.monroe.edu/staff/winslow/summitp/JRHArticles sur le footing
http://rrca.org/publicat/publicat.htmlAthlétisme: records nationaux tous pays
http://www.hkkk.fi/~niininen/athl.htmlTriathlon
http://www.total.net:8080/~rqlm/Resistance Training during Preadolescence'
Issues, Controversies, and Recommendations
http://www.coach.ca/tchart_e.htmL'APPROCHE ECOLOGIQUE ET LE SAUT EN LONGUEUR ou effet de la vitesse sur la précision de l'impulsion en saut en longueur. Ph. VERNAT
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/joel.minjoulat-rey/bulletin/didac/saut.htmLa page de Pierre Foulart
Voici une liste de programmes informatiques ou de sites Internet intéressants qui se rapportent à la course à pied, la gestion des entraînements, l'athlétisme, les résultats ....
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Pierre_foulart/runprog.htmCross training: des adresses à parcourir
http://www.telecall.co.uk/~pault/cross.htm
http://www.clark.net/pub/pribut/spsport.htmlURL: http://www.krs.hia.no/~stephens/mustrn.htm
Last modified 9-Apr-96 - page size 6K - in English
Training Adaptations in Skeletal MuscleURL: http://www.krs.hia.no/~stephens/fibtype2.htm
Last modified 4-Mar-96 - page size 5K - in English
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type- Part Two
L’entrée sur ces sites m’a permis d’obtenir des références bibliographiques grâce auxquelles j’ai pu approfondir mes recherches.
Lundi 15 mars 1999 / Monday, march 15, 1999
RESULTAT DE VOTRE RECHERCHE
RESULT OF RESEARCH
Vous avez demandé / You asked for
Mot-clé / Keyword : ATHLETISME.
Il y a 22 réponses / There are 22 answers :
21 livres / books, 1 vidéo21 livres / books :
1 - L'ATHLETISME de COLLECTIF chez HACHETTE JEUNESSE
2 - L'ATHLETISME de GARDIEN, HOUVION, PROST, THOMAS chez PUF
3 - L'ATHLETISME de LAIGRET FABRICE chez MILAN
4 - ATHLETISME N°3 de COLLECTIF chez INSEP SPORT
5 - L'ATHLETISME EN SALLE de KRUBER chez VIGOT
6 - COMPRENDRE L'ATHLETISME de HUBICHE, PRADET chez INSEP SPORT
7 - ATHLETISME EN MATERNELLE de COLLECTIF chez VIGOT
8 - LA LEGENDE DE L'ATHLETISME de PARIENTE ROBERT chez LIBER
9 - ATHLETISME T1 : LES COURSES de BILLOUIN ALAIN chez LAFFONT ROBERT
10 - L'ENTRAINEMENT EN ATHLETISME de GRELON BRUNO chez DE VECCHI
11 - LES SAUTS (TRAITE D'ATHLETISME) de HOUVION, PROST, RAFFIN PEYLOZ chez VIGOT
12 - LES LANCERS (TRAITE D'ATHLETISME) de FLEURIDAS, FOURREAU, HERMANT, MONNERET chez VIGOT
13 - VERS L'ATHLETISME (GRANDE SECTION) de SACY DOROTHEE, QUEVA REGINE chez HACHETTE EDUCATION
14 - 1000 EXERCICES ET JEUX D'ATHLETISME de MURER, BUCHER chez VIGOT
15 - RECORDS D'ATHLETISME LE LIVRE D'OR de NAVARRO GILLES chez SOLAR
16 - LA FABULEUSE HISTOIRE DE L'ATHLETISME de PARIENTE ROBERT chez LA MARTINIERE
17 - LA FABULEUSE HISTOIRE DE L'ATHLETISME de PARIENTE ROBERT chez LA MARTINIERE
18 - LA FABULEUSE HISTOIRE DE L'ATHLETISME de PARIENTE ROBERT chez LA MARTINIERE
19 - L'ATHLETISME EN EPS : DIDACTHLELISME II de SENERS PATRICK chez VIGOT
20 - L'ENSEIGNEMENT DE L'ATHLETISME EN MILIEU SCOLAIRE de SENERS PATRICK chez VIGOT1 vidéo : Les géants du stade
for the Developing Athlete.
by Steve Bennett
B.Sc. (Physiology) ATFCA Level II
This article is designed for younger athletes who have done little training. It contains the main points of a long term approach.It is much more important to improve balance, posture and stability of the trunk than it is to improve leg or arm strength.
Sprinters should develop overall fitness in a way that does not involve jogging. They should however BE ABLE to jog for a long distance without a problem. Overall fitness can be acquired through dance, medicine balls, skipping etc. A variety is best.
Improving the ability to have the type of speed that comes with little effort is the goal. Athletes need to always practise relaxing when running. The is a skill that must be practised from a young age. RACING can often be a time of practising the bad habit of trying too hard especially in the very young. The ability to run fast and have it look easy is of the highest importance. The quality of an athlete that can have very fast steps is the first thing that needs to be developed from a young age.
Sprinters should not be instructed to run on their toes or to pump their arms high.
-It is better to develop a foot that is moving backward before impact and a foot carriage that is as close as possible to the shin (Dorsiflexion).
-Arms should be held with relaxed fingers and the main focus of effort should be a backward stroke. They should also not move very far forward from the body.
Maximim speed is the most important quality to develop on a regular basis. This should be done with maximum speed experiences over short distances. eg Flying start 20-30m runs or Standing start runs over 30-40-50 or 60m. The athlete should perform these runs at maximum relaxed speed in sets of 3 with rests between of 3-5min where they stay active and between sets they should do other balance or trunk activities for maybe 10-15min. eg A maximum amount may be 3 sets of 3 runs over 60m. A good amount to do regularly (ie. 2-3 times/week) would be 2 sets of 3 runs over 40-50m. The athlete should never do more once they are getting slower within the session eg. If the times over 60m are 8.30, 8.20. 8.25, 8.30,8.60,8.80,9.00. Then they should have ended the session after the first obviosly slower run in the session and in the example that was the 8.60. Initially runners may be slowing after even the first run, but with training they may be able to 9 runs at the same speed.
The ability to develop the endurance to finish off a 100m or 200m race is best developed in races. Training at slower speeds to improve performance in these events is mostly of a little positive effect. If the athlete is really lacking in Speed Endurance at the end of these races they could do sessions like below:
- 2x 3 x Flying start 60m runs at high speed with rests of only 90s
- 4 x Flying100m very fast rests 3min.
The 400m event needs special training at the slower 400m race speed. The ability to relax and use little energy is important at race pace.
Some sessions to improve performance in the 400m are:
- 10 x Flying 100m at 400m race pace rests 3min
- 4 x 200m at 400m pace rests 5min
- 2 x 300 at 400m race pace rest 15min
- 400m athletes should also do more endurance training and can get by with more jogging especially in the off season. Maximum speed training is also of high importance.
It is important to have good foot function and for this reason it is useful for athletes to spend as much time as possible barefoot. Walking on sand is very good. Training should be conducted in very light simple shoes. Racing flats from the Runners Shop are much better than joggers for training in.
In Cold weather athletes must warm-up carefully and keep warm. Tights are great for training in as they maintain warmth during the frequent recoveries.
Training to improve muscle elasticity is very useful in all athletes eg. Games like Fly, Hop-Scotch, Skipping short distances, Leap frog and playful hopping and bouncing around are all great stimulation to the elastic qualities of muscle. Combining sensible amounts of these activities with balance challenging activites and relaxed movement practise would be ideal especially for very young athletes.
Any strength training should be restricted to the trunk until the athlete has optimal development of their posture and good levels of stability. Strength training is much more effective after this is developed anyway.
Young athletes lose flexibility as they grow and their bodies will naturally try to cheat to find ways to move to make up for the deficiency. Small amounts of perfect practise are better at decreasing the development of bad habits. Large amounts of high effort training during stages of decreased flexibillity and poor posture will result in the athlete learning a bad running style that will be more difficult to correct. Athletes need to have a smart stretching program designed persoannly for them during periods after faster growth. They need to be taught good posture and given feedback on what is good and bad posture when sitting, standing, walking and running. Most of our society have posture far below ideal.A recommended book for people serious about developing optimum postural control.
Body Control: Using Techniques Developed by Joseph H. Pilates
by Lynne Robinson, Joseph Pilates, Gordon ThomsonIf you've ever wondered how ballet dancers get that graceful, calm-looking, perfectly postured stance, one of the reasons is a series of exercises named for the late trainer Joseph H. Pilates. Long a staple of danse studios, his techniques are becoming a staple in gyms as well. Body Control provides an excellent introduction to the Pilates method and easy-to-follow instructions for doing them at home, without the need for special machinery that instructors often use. The book describes 40 different exercises and explains how to relax and breathe correctly while doing them. Even more important, it explains what you may be doing wrong (since some of the exercises could worsen a painful condition if done incorrectly). The very clear illustrations, which mix photographs with line drawings, will allow most people to get the hang of it right away. Because it works muscles you may not ordinarily use that much, these exercises take more effort than you might think. And while they don't promise huge muscles, adherents say the method helps them stand up straighter and move more easily, without pain. Nothing can turn an ordinary person into a ballet star, but these exercises could make you almost as graceful as one.
Oztrack Athletics Bookstore
Sprint Training Ideas
General Training Ideas
Correspondence Coaching
Recherche Medline : Concernant le rôle des étirements dans la contraction musculaire…
Date : 02-dec-1998
Database : Medline 1995 to december 1998Set search Results
001 tensile strenfth/ph 59
002 *kinetics/ 14 003 from 2 keep 1 100a strenght.tw. 2
005 *muscle spindles/ph 79 006 from 5 keep 13, 15, 52, 54, 68 5 007 6 5Unique identifier 98096655
Authors : Spring H. Scheider W. Tritshler T.
Institution : Rheuma- und Rehabilitations-Klinik Leukerbad, Kantonsspital Schaffausen.
Title : [Stretching]. [Review] [24 refs] [German]
Original Title : Stretching.
Source : Orthopade. 26(11) :981-6, 1997 Nov.
MeSH Subject Headings
English Abstract *Exercise * Exertion Female Human Male
*Pmuscle Contraction/ph [Physiology]
*Muscle Spindles/ph [Physiology]
*SportsAbstract
Static stretching exercices have become very popular over past fifteen yeatrs both in professional and amateur sports. In the fields of physical therapy and in manual thgerapyin particular, static stretching has become part of a standard and successful treatment modality. Together with an appropriate strengthening program, sttatic stretchning techniques have become the therapy of choice for treatment of muscle imbalances associated with functional disturbances of the musculoskeletal system. Specific mmauscle length testing procedures have been developed to determine muscle shortening in clinical practice. In this article, the fundamental principles of the different types of muscle stretching techniques are described, including the dynamic stretchning principles.Language
German
Entry Month
9805. Entry Week : 98051Unique Identifier 9626381
Authors : Grill SE. Hallett M.
Instituion
Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders
And Stroke, National Institues of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-143, USA
Title : Velocity sensitivity of Human muscle spindle afferents and slowly adapting Type II cutaneous mechanorecptors.
Source : Journal of Physiology. 489 (Pt 2) :593-602, 1995 Dec 1.
MeSH Subject Headings
Adult
*Afferent Pathways/ph [Physiology] Human Kinetics
Mechanoreceptors/ph [Physiology]
Middle Age
*Movement/ph [Physiology]
*Muscle µSpindles/ph [Physiology]
Sensitivity and specifity
Skin/ph [Physiology]
Skin Physiology
Abstract
1.Velocity information is used in the performance of movement. This studyEvaluated the ability of peripheral receptors to signal velocity in humanSubjets. 2.The velocity sensitivity of hyuman muscle afferentsFrom the extensor digitum muscles and slowly adaptinf type II cutaneousMechanorectors on the dorsumof the hand was evaluated with recordings from the radial nerve during imposed flexion movement about theMetacarpophalangeal joint. Twenty-degree movements at velocities ranging From 5 to 80 deg S-1 were used. 3. Three measures of dynamic respone werecalculated : the dynamic positional sensitivity , the dynamic index, and the incremental response. 4. Bothmuscle spindle afferents and slowlly adapting type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors demonstrated signifiant velocity sensitivity. The magnitudes of relations bvetween dynamic response mesures and velocitywere similar in the two recptors types. 5. These findings are consistent with the viex that both muscle spindleafferentsand slowly adapting type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors provide reasonable velocity signals.Language
English
Entry month 9612Unique Identifie : 96186386
Authors : Magnusson SP. Simonsen EB. Aagaard P. Dyhre-Poulsen P. McHugh MP. Kjaer M.
Instituion : Team Danmark Test Center, µRigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Title : Mechanical and physical responses to stretching with and withour preisometric contraction in human skeletal muscle.
Source : Archives of physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 77(4) :373-8, 1996 Apr.
MeSH Subject Headings
Adult Biomecanic Comparative Study Cross-Over Studies Electromyography
Huaman *Isometric Contraction/ph [Physiology]
Leg Male *Muscle Spindles/ph [Physiology] * Muscle, Skeletal/ph [Physiology]
…Bibliographie effectuée à la bibliothèque universitaire
- CHENGZHI Li et ZONGCHENG Huang. Temporal and Kinematic Analysis of Swing Leg for Elite Sprinters
- CONFERENCE PROCEESINGS, TECHNIQUES IN ATHLETICS The first International Conference - Cologne, 7-9 June 1990 Federal Republic of Germany Köln 1990
- DELECLUSE C. influence of strength training on sprint running Performance, Departmen on Kinesiology, faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, Sports Medicine sept 1997, p 147 to 156.
- DESSONS, DRUT G., HEBRARD... Traité d'Athlétisme vol 1 : Les Courses, 1991, VIGOT.
- DONATI Alessandro. The developement of stide length and stride frequency in sprinting, new studies in ATHLETICS, the IAAF quartely magazine. 1995, March, Monaco.
- DYSON Geoffrey h.g : principes mécanique en athlétisme, vigot 1965 Liège.
- EL-KHOURY Gaby Issa. Le sprint du : du 100 au 400 m, revue AEFA n°143, janvier 1997, P.21 à 23
- HOLLER Z., Force dynamique spécifique du sprinter - la course avec résistance, Atlétika Tchécoslovaquie, n°9, septembre 1983, P.19 (traduit par SZPAKOWSKA Barbara.)
- HOPPER B.J., La ROTATION, FACTEUR VITAL DANS LA TECHNIQUE DE L'ATHLÉTISME, articles publiés dans la revue américaine "TRACK TECHNIQUE" de 1962 à 1964
- HUBICHE et PRADET Comprendre l'athlétisme, sa pratique, son enseignement.
- LOCATELLI Elio and ARSAC laurent, The mechanics and energetics of the 100 m sprint, new studies in ATHLETICS, the IAAF quartely magazine. 1995, March, Monaco.
- MAISETTI G. Vitesse Haies : un exemple de séance. ATHLÉTISME dossier formation, FFA stage pédagogique de thonon-les-bains, éditions revue EPS, Paris 1988 p. 30 à 32
- PIASENTA J. Apprendre à Observer, Plaidoyer, pour une formation à l'observation du comportement du sportif. Collection Étude et Formation, INSEP, 1994
- PIASENTA J. L'Éducation Athlétique, Collection Entraînement, INSEP 1988.
-PIRON A. analyse fonctionnelle du mouvement, ATHLÉTISME dossier formation, FFA stage pédagogique de thonon-les-bains, éditions revue EPS, Paris 1988 p. 5
- SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN 100 M SPRINT, IAF Biomechanics Research Project Athens 1997, German Sport University Cologne/GErmany.
- URTEBISE F. Contribution de l'élasticité musculaire à la course de vitesse, XIIIe Congrès Mondial des entraineurs d'Athlétisme, AEFA n°137 janvier 1995, p. 4 à 14
- URTEBISE F. Course de Vitesse Athlétique : ses particularités. ATHLÉTISME dossier formation, FFA stage pédagogique de thonon-les-bains, éditions revue EPS, Paris 1988 p. 22 à 24- WIEMANN Klauss and TIDOW Günter. Relative activity of hip and knee extensors in sprinting - implications for training, new studies in ATHLETICS, the IAAF quartely magazine. 1995, March, Monaco.7. Adresses Mail des personnalités de la FFA :
olivier.belloc@wanadoo.fr : Responsable des Cadres Techniques
michel.lourie@wanadoo.fr : Responsable du Pôle d’entraînement sprint Boulouris/Nice
gillains@wanadoo.fr : Conseiller technique interrégional du sud-est
ChMa@netcourrier.com : moi
