ANGLETERRE

ENGLAND

Map:

map of England

Photos:

London, Maidenhead, Calais, January 2001:

Generalities:

Names of the country

:

England, part of Great Britain

Capital

:

London

Area

:

130 423 sq km

Population

:

48.9 millions

Main cities

:

London (7 millions), Birmingham (1 017 000), Leeds (725 000), Sheffield (528 500), Liverpool (470 000), Manchester (432 600), Bristol (400 700)

Language

:

English

Religion

:

Anglican Church (60%), Roman Catholic Church (15%), Muslims (5%), others (Jews, Sikh community, ...)

Currency

:

Pound sterling (100 pence)

History:

Pre-AD 43

:

Part of Ancient Britain, home to a succession of people's dating from the Old Stone Age

In 43 AD

:

Invaded and later occupied by Roman armies

In 400s

:

Invaded by the Anglo-Saxons, who name the country Angle-land, or England

In 409

:

Withdrawal of last Roman troops

In 590

:

Ethelbert made King of the Britons

In 596

:

Augustine sent by Pope Gregory I to bring Christianity to the country

In 664

:

Synod of Whitby unifies English Christianity

In 790

:

First Danish and Viking raids

In 828

:

Egbert becomes first Saxon to be recognized as King of England

In 841-846

:

Kenneth I conquers Pictish Kingdom and becomes first King of Scotland

In 870

:

St Edmund martyred fighting the Danes

In 871

:

Accession of Alfred the Great as King of Wessex

In 878

:

Alfred defeats Danes at Edington. Creation of Danelaw

In 937

:

Conquest of Danelaw complete. Creation of a unified government for all England

In 960

:

St Dunstan becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and restores church

In 1016

:

Canute II defeats Edward II Ironside and incorporates Britain into his Scandinavian empire

In 1066

:

Harold II succeeds Edward the Confessor. Norman Conquest, death of Harold at the Battle of Hastings, and accession of William I. Wholesale reform of English and Welsh society; introduction of feudalism

In 1135

:

Stephen of Blois seizes throne from his cousin Matilda; civil war in England

In 1153

:

Henry Plantagenet, duke of Normandy and Anjou, defeats Stephen and is made his heir

In 1154

:

Death of Stephen. Henry II begins reign of reform and expansion

In 1276-1284

:

Conquest of Wales completed by Edward I

In 1296

:

Edward I defeats John de Baliol in the Battle of Dunbar and annexes Scotland

In 1314

:

Battle of Bannockburn: English disastrously defeated, Scotland's independence preserved

In 1337

:

Hundred Years' War with France begins over French aid for Scotland and Edward's claim on the French throne

In 1349

:

Outbreak of Black Death

In 1453

:

End of Hundred Years' War

In 1455-1485

:

Wars of the Roses

In 1485

:

Death of Richard III in Battle of Bosworth Field, end of Plantagenet dynasty. Henry, Earl of Richmond, succeeds as Henry VII, start of Tudor period

In 1509

:

Accession of Henry VIII

In 1534

:

At the urging of Henry VIII, Parliament makes the king supreme head of the church in England

In 1536

:

Dissolution of the monasteries. First Act of Union with Wales

In 1541

:

Irish parliament acknowledges Henry as King of Ireland

In 1543

:

Second Act of Union with Wales

In 1554

:

Restoration of papal supremacy. Persecution of English Protestants

In 1558

:

Accession of Elizabeth I

In 1587

:

Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots

In 1588

:

The Spanish Armada, on its way to invade England, is defeated by an English fleet

In 1603

:

Accession of James VI of Scotland as James I of England

In 1605

:

Gunpowder Plot discovered

In 1642-1646

:

First English Civil War between supporters of the king, Charles I, and supporters of Parliament

In 1649

:

Charles tried and executed; English Commonwealth established, Oliver Cromwell leads English army to suppress Irish royalists: massacre of populations of Drogheda and Wexford, and landconfiscations by Protestants

In 1651

:

Subjugation of Scotland

In 1660

:

Restoration of the monarchy (and in 1662 the Church of England) by Parliament

In 1666

:

Great fire of London

In 1688

:

Glorious Revolution ends James II's rule

In 1707

:

England and Wales united politically with Scotland by Act of Union, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Scottish parliament is dissolved

Post-1707

:

What fallow is the History of Great Britain

In 1708

:

Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy defeat French at Oudenarde. Minorca seized from Spain. Jacobite rebellion in Scotland.

In 1713

:

Peace of Utrecht ends War of Spanish Succession.

In 1717

:

George concludes new Triple Alliance with France and Netherlands.

In 1718

:

Transportation Act establishes principle of transportation of criminals to colonies.

In 1727

:

Accession of George II.

In 1739

:

Britain begins War of Jenkins' Ear with Spain.

In 1740

:

Outbreak of War of the Austrian Succession.

In 1745

:

Forty-Five Rebellion: Jacobites under Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender, overrun Scotland and invade England.

In 1748

:

Treat of Aix-la-Chapelle ends War of the Austrian Succession.

In 1751

:

Second Carnatic War in India between British and French colonial forces; Robert Clive secures British victory with capture of Arcot.

In 1754

:

French and Indian War breaks out with defeat of British troops in North America under George Washington by French.

In 1756

:

Seven Years' War begins.

In 1768

:

Massachusetts legislature dissolved by British crown. James Cook departs on first great voyage to South Pacific.

In 1769

:

James Watt patents improved steam engine. James Cook lands in New Zealand and claims islands for Britain.

In 1770

:

James Cook lands in Australia and claims New South Wales for Britain. Boston Massacre of five Boston citizens by British troops.

In 1775

:

First engagements of American War of Independence: Lexington and Concord.

In 1778

:

France recognizes independence of the United States. James Cook discovers Hawaii. Catholic Relief Act passed by Parliament. General William Howe resigns as commander of British forces in America.

In 1783

:

Britain signs Treaty of Paris, formally recognizing United States. William Pitt the Younger appointed Prime Minister.

In 1793

:

Britain declares war on revolutionary France and joins First Coalition; Anglo-Spanish forces briefly occupy Toulon. Thomas Paine imprisoned in France.

In 1798

:

Horatio Nelson wins Battle of the Nile, compromising Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. Society of United Irishmen raise revolt in Wexford; Cornwallis appointed Viceroy of Ireland; quells Irish uprising with considerable clemency. War of the Second Coalition begins against Napoleon.

In 1800

:

Act of Union incorporates Ireland into Great Britain.

In 1814

:

Conquest of France by Fifth Coalition; abdication of Napoleon. Congress of Vienna convened to settle European order.

In 1815

:

Napoleon escapes from Elba: Hundred Days. Wellington assumes supreme command of allied armies and defeats Napoleon in Battle of Waterloo. Congress of Vienna concluded.

In 1820

:

Accession of Prince Regent as George IV.

In 1824

:

Death of Byron during Greek War of Independence. First Anglo-Burmese War. Combination Act repealed: legalization of trade unions.

In 1830

:

Accession of William IV. Opening of Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Cholera epidemic.

In 1831

:

Charles Darwin's voyage on HMS Beagle begins. Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction.

In 1837

:

Accession of Queen Victoria. People's Charter presented to Parliament: beginning of Chartism.

In 1842

:

Nanjing Treaty ends First Opium War: acquisition of Hong Kong.

In 1852

:

Second Anglo-Burmese War.

In 1854

:

British involvement in Crimean War against Russia begins: Charge of the Light Brigade.

In 1856

:

Treaty of Paris concludes Crimean War. Second Opium War with China.

In 1861

:

Prince Albert dies.

In 1870

:

Irish Land Act.

In 1879

:

Zulu War.

In 1882

:

British occupation of Egypt.

In 1896

:

Conquest of Sudan.

In 1899

:

Boer War begins.

In 1902

:

Boer War ends. Anglo-Japanese Alliance concluded.

In 1904

:

Entente Cordiale between Britain and France.

In 1907

:

Triple Entente of Britain, France, and Russia. Emmeline Pankhurst leads Suffragette march on Parliament. Dominion status for New Zealand.

In 1910

:

Accession of George V. Union of South Africa formed.

In 1912

:

Third Irish Home Rule bill introduced. Collapse of Anglo-German naval limitation talks. Death of Robert Scott and his companions in the Antarctic.

In 1914

:

World War I begins. Despatch of British Expeditionary Force.

In 1915

:

Dardanelles expedition launched.

In 1918

:

World War I ends. Suffrage extended to women over 30.

In 1923

:

Stanley Baldwin becomes Prime Minister.

In 1930

:

Britain rejects Indian demands for dominion status: Gandhi's salt march.

In 1939

:

World War II begins; "Phoney War" period.

In 1940

:

Anglo-French operations in Norway. Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister.Evacuation of Dunkirk; fall of France; Battle of Britain; Blitz.

In 1941

:

End of Blitz. US Lend-Lease aid to Britain begins. British forces lose Greece, Crete, and Libya. Entry of United States into World War II.

In 1944

:

D-Day invasion of Normandy. Arnhem offensive. Beveridge Report endorsed by Parliament.

In 1945

:

Yalta Conference. Rhine crossings. V-E Day in Europe. Potsdam Conference. General election defeat for Winston Churchill and Conservatives; Attlee becomes Prime Minister. V-J Day in Far East: end of World War II.

In 1947

:

Independence for India and Pakistan. Nationalization of coal mines and railways.

In 1950

:

Korean War begins.

In 1953

:

State coronation of Elizabeth II. Korean War ends.

In 1960

:

Independence for Cyprus and Nigeria.

In 1961

:

Independence for Sierra Leone and Tanzanian states.

In 1962

:

Independence for Uganda, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago.

In 1963

:

Independence for Kenya and Zambia. First Beatles hits.

In 1964

:

Independence for Malta and Malawi.

In 1965

:

Independence for Gambia and Singapore; Rhodesia declares UDI.

In 1966

:

Independence for Barbados, Botswana, Lesotho, and Guyana.

In 1967

:

Independence for Aden (South Yemen).

In 1968

:

Rise of Catholic Civil Rights movement in Northern Ireland; serious sectarian violence. Independence for Mauritius and Swaziland.

In 1969

:

British troops sent to Northern Ireland.

In 1970

:

Independence for Fiji.

In 1972

:

Northern Ireland parliament suspended and direct rule introduced; beginning of IRA campaign of violence in mainland Britain.

In 1973

:

Independence for Bahamas.

In 1974

:

Miners' strike. Independence for Grenada.

In 1982

:

Falklands War with Argentina over Falkland Islands.

In 1991

:

Gulf War.

In 1992

:

Maastricht Treaty on European union signed and approved by Parliament after close vote. General election returns John Major's government. Neil Kinnock succeeded by John Smith as Labour Party leader. Currency speculation forces Britain out of Exchange Rate Mechanism.

In 1998

:

The Northern Ireland Peace Agreement on the future of Northern Ireland sets up new arrangements for an Ulster assembly, limited cross-border bodies, and the release of terrorist prisoners. It is overwhelmingly endorsed by the referendum. European Union ban on British beef ends. Legislation for the reform of the House of Lords introduced

Names of the country	:	England, part of Great Britain
Capital	:	London
Area	:	130 423 sq km
Population	:	48.9 millions
Main cities	:	London (7 millions), Birmingham (1 017 000), Leeds (725 000), Sheffield (528 500), Liverpool (470 000), Manchester (432 600), Bristol (400 700)
Language	:	English
Religion	:	Anglican Church (60%), Roman Catholic Church (15%), Muslims (5%), others (Jews, Sikh community, ...)
Currency	:	Pound sterling (100 pence)

Pre-AD 43	:	Part of Ancient Britain, home to a succession of people's dating from the Old Stone Age
In 43 AD	:	Invaded and later occupied by Roman armies
In 400s	:	Invaded by the Anglo-Saxons, who name the country Angle-land, or England
In 409	:	Withdrawal of last Roman troops
In 590	:	Ethelbert made King of the Britons
In 596	:	Augustine sent by Pope Gregory I to bring Christianity to the country
In 664	:	Synod of Whitby unifies English Christianity
In 790	:	First Danish and Viking raids
In 828	:	Egbert becomes first Saxon to be recognized as King of England
In 841-846	:	Kenneth I conquers Pictish Kingdom and becomes first King of Scotland
In 870	:	St Edmund martyred fighting the Danes
In 871	:	Accession of Alfred the Great as King of Wessex
In 878	:	Alfred defeats Danes at Edington. Creation of Danelaw
In 937	:	Conquest of Danelaw complete. Creation of a unified government for all England
In 960	:	St Dunstan becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and restores church
In 1016	:	Canute II defeats Edward II Ironside and incorporates Britain into his Scandinavian empire
In 1066	:	Harold II succeeds Edward the Confessor. Norman Conquest, death of Harold at the Battle of Hastings, and accession of William I. Wholesale reform of English and Welsh society; introduction of feudalism
In 1135	:	Stephen of Blois seizes throne from his cousin Matilda; civil war in England
In 1153	:	Henry Plantagenet, duke of Normandy and Anjou, defeats Stephen and is made his heir
In 1154	:	Death of Stephen. Henry II begins reign of reform and expansion
In 1276-1284	:	Conquest of Wales completed by Edward I
In 1296	:	Edward I defeats John de Baliol in the Battle of Dunbar and annexes Scotland
In 1314	:	Battle of Bannockburn: English disastrously defeated, Scotland's independence preserved
In 1337	:	Hundred Years' War with France begins over French aid for Scotland and Edward's claim on the French throne
In 1349	:	Outbreak of Black Death
In 1453	:	End of Hundred Years' War
In 1455-1485	:	Wars of the Roses
In 1485	:	Death of Richard III in Battle of Bosworth Field, end of Plantagenet dynasty. Henry, Earl of Richmond, succeeds as Henry VII, start of Tudor period
In 1509	:	Accession of Henry VIII
In 1534	:	At the urging of Henry VIII, Parliament makes the king supreme head of the church in England
In 1536	:	Dissolution of the monasteries. First Act of Union with Wales
In 1541	:	Irish parliament acknowledges Henry as King of Ireland
In 1543	:	Second Act of Union with Wales
In 1554	:	Restoration of papal supremacy. Persecution of English Protestants
In 1558	:	Accession of Elizabeth I
In 1587	:	Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
In 1588	:	The Spanish Armada, on its way to invade England, is defeated by an English fleet
In 1603	:	Accession of James VI of Scotland as James I of England
In 1605	:	Gunpowder Plot discovered
In 1642-1646	:	First English Civil War between supporters of the king, Charles I, and supporters of Parliament
In 1649	:	Charles tried and executed; English Commonwealth established, Oliver Cromwell leads English army to suppress Irish royalists: massacre of populations of Drogheda and Wexford, and landconfiscations by Protestants
In 1651	:	Subjugation of Scotland
In 1660	:	Restoration of the monarchy (and in 1662 the Church of England) by Parliament
In 1666	:	Great fire of London
In 1688	:	Glorious Revolution ends James II's rule
In 1707	:	England and Wales united politically with Scotland by Act of Union, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Scottish parliament is dissolved
Post-1707	:	What fallow is the History of Great Britain
In 1708	:	Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy defeat French at Oudenarde. Minorca seized from Spain. Jacobite rebellion in Scotland.
In 1713	:	Peace of Utrecht ends War of Spanish Succession.
In 1717	:	George concludes new Triple Alliance with France and Netherlands.
In 1718	:	Transportation Act establishes principle of transportation of criminals to colonies.
In 1727	:	Accession of George II.
In 1739	:	Britain begins War of Jenkins' Ear with Spain.
In 1740	:	Outbreak of War of the Austrian Succession.
In 1745	:	Forty-Five Rebellion: Jacobites under Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender, overrun Scotland and invade England.
In 1748	:	Treat of Aix-la-Chapelle ends War of the Austrian Succession.
In 1751	:	Second Carnatic War in India between British and French colonial forces; Robert Clive secures British victory with capture of Arcot.
In 1754	:	French and Indian War breaks out with defeat of British troops in North America under George Washington by French.
In 1756	:	Seven Years' War begins.
In 1768	:	Massachusetts legislature dissolved by British crown. James Cook departs on first great voyage to South Pacific.
In 1769	:	James Watt patents improved steam engine. James Cook lands in New Zealand and claims islands for Britain.
In 1770	:	James Cook lands in Australia and claims New South Wales for Britain. Boston Massacre of five Boston citizens by British troops.
In 1775	:	First engagements of American War of Independence: Lexington and Concord.
In 1778	:	France recognizes independence of the United States. James Cook discovers Hawaii. Catholic Relief Act passed by Parliament. General William Howe resigns as commander of British forces in America.
In 1783	:	Britain signs Treaty of Paris, formally recognizing United States. William Pitt the Younger appointed Prime Minister.
In 1793	:	Britain declares war on revolutionary France and joins First Coalition; Anglo-Spanish forces briefly occupy Toulon. Thomas Paine imprisoned in France.
In 1798	:	Horatio Nelson wins Battle of the Nile, compromising Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. Society of United Irishmen raise revolt in Wexford; Cornwallis appointed Viceroy of Ireland; quells Irish uprising with considerable clemency. War of the Second Coalition begins against Napoleon.
In 1800	:	Act of Union incorporates Ireland into Great Britain.
In 1814	:	Conquest of France by Fifth Coalition; abdication of Napoleon. Congress of Vienna convened to settle European order.
In 1815	:	Napoleon escapes from Elba: Hundred Days. Wellington assumes supreme command of allied armies and defeats Napoleon in Battle of Waterloo. Congress of Vienna concluded.
In 1820	:	Accession of Prince Regent as George IV.
In 1824	:	Death of Byron during Greek War of Independence. First Anglo-Burmese War. Combination Act repealed: legalization of trade unions.
In 1830	:	Accession of William IV. Opening of Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Cholera epidemic.
In 1831	:	Charles Darwin's voyage on HMS Beagle begins. Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction.
In 1837	:	Accession of Queen Victoria. People's Charter presented to Parliament: beginning of Chartism.
In 1842	:	Nanjing Treaty ends First Opium War: acquisition of Hong Kong.
In 1852	:	Second Anglo-Burmese War.
In 1854	:	British involvement in Crimean War against Russia begins: Charge of the Light Brigade.
In 1856	:	Treaty of Paris concludes Crimean War. Second Opium War with China.
In 1861	:	Prince Albert dies.
In 1870	:	Irish Land Act.
In 1879	:	Zulu War.
In 1882	:	British occupation of Egypt.
In 1896	:	Conquest of Sudan.
In 1899	:	Boer War begins.
In 1902	:	Boer War ends. Anglo-Japanese Alliance concluded.
In 1904	:	Entente Cordiale between Britain and France.
In 1907	:	Triple Entente of Britain, France, and Russia. Emmeline Pankhurst leads Suffragette march on Parliament. Dominion status for New Zealand.
In 1910	:	Accession of George V. Union of South Africa formed.
In 1912	:	Third Irish Home Rule bill introduced. Collapse of Anglo-German naval limitation talks. Death of Robert Scott and his companions in the Antarctic.
In 1914	:	World War I begins. Despatch of British Expeditionary Force.
In 1915	:	Dardanelles expedition launched.
In 1918	:	World War I ends. Suffrage extended to women over 30.
In 1923	:	Stanley Baldwin becomes Prime Minister.
In 1930	:	Britain rejects Indian demands for dominion status: Gandhi's salt march.
In 1939	:	World War II begins; "Phoney War" period.
In 1940	:	Anglo-French operations in Norway. Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister.Evacuation of Dunkirk; fall of France; Battle of Britain; Blitz.
In 1941	:	End of Blitz. US Lend-Lease aid to Britain begins. British forces lose Greece, Crete, and Libya. Entry of United States into World War II.
In 1944	:	D-Day invasion of Normandy. Arnhem offensive. Beveridge Report endorsed by Parliament.
In 1945	:	Yalta Conference. Rhine crossings. V-E Day in Europe. Potsdam Conference. General election defeat for Winston Churchill and Conservatives; Attlee becomes Prime Minister. V-J Day in Far East: end of World War II.
In 1947	:	Independence for India and Pakistan. Nationalization of coal mines and railways.
In 1950	:	Korean War begins.
In 1953	:	State coronation of Elizabeth II. Korean War ends.
In 1960	:	Independence for Cyprus and Nigeria.
In 1961	:	Independence for Sierra Leone and Tanzanian states.
In 1962	:	Independence for Uganda, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago.
In 1963	:	Independence for Kenya and Zambia. First Beatles hits.
In 1964	:	Independence for Malta and Malawi.
In 1965	:	Independence for Gambia and Singapore; Rhodesia declares UDI.
In 1966	:	Independence for Barbados, Botswana, Lesotho, and Guyana.
In 1967	:	Independence for Aden (South Yemen).
In 1968	:	Rise of Catholic Civil Rights movement in Northern Ireland; serious sectarian violence. Independence for Mauritius and Swaziland.
In 1969	:	British troops sent to Northern Ireland.
In 1970	:	Independence for Fiji.
In 1972	:	Northern Ireland parliament suspended and direct rule introduced; beginning of IRA campaign of violence in mainland Britain.
In 1973	:	Independence for Bahamas.
In 1974	:	Miners' strike. Independence for Grenada.
In 1982	:	Falklands War with Argentina over Falkland Islands.
In 1991	:	Gulf War.
In 1992	:	Maastricht Treaty on European union signed and approved by Parliament after close vote. General election returns John Major's government. Neil Kinnock succeeded by John Smith as Labour Party leader. Currency speculation forces Britain out of Exchange Rate Mechanism.
In 1998	:	The Northern Ireland Peace Agreement on the future of Northern Ireland sets up new arrangements for an Ulster assembly, limited cross-border bodies, and the release of terrorist prisoners. It is overwhelmingly endorsed by the referendum. European Union ban on British beef ends. Legislation for the reform of the House of Lords introduced